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The
Nien Rebellion (; Western historians have traditionally used the Wade-Giles transcription "Nien", rather than Hanyu Pinyin "Nian") was an epic armed uprising that took place in northern China from 1851 to 1868. The rebellion failed to topple the Qing dynasty, but caused immense economic devastation and loss of life that became one of the major long-term factors in the collapse of the Qing regime.
Origin
The Nien movement was formed in the late 1840s by
Zhang Lexing, and by 1851 numbered approximately 40,000. Unlike the
Taiping Rebellion movement, though, the Nien initially had no clear goals or objectives aside from criticism of the Qing government. However, the Nien were provoked into taking direct action against the Imperial regime following a series of ecological disasters. In 1851, the massive Huang He river burst its banks, flooding hundreds of thousands of square miles and causing immense loss of life. The Qing government slowly began clearing up after the disaster, but were unable to provide effective aid as government finances had been drained during a recent war with Great Britain and the ongoing slaughter of the Taiping rebellion. The damage created by the disaster had still not been repaired when, in 1855, the river burst its banks again, drowning thousands and devastating the fertile province of Jiangsu. At the time, the Qing government was trying to negotiate a deal with the European powers, and as state finances had been so severely depleted, the regime was again unable to provide effective relief. This enraged the Nien movement, who blamed the Europeans for contributing to China's troubles, and increasingly viewed the Qing government as incompetent and cowardly in the face of the Western powers.
In
Bare Branches: The Security Implications of Asia's Surplus Male Population, Valerie Hudson and Andrea den Boer suggest that the rebellion was fueled, at least in part, by decades of female infanticide caused by the floods and economic misery, leading to a large population of frustrated young men without any women to marry, perhaps as many as 25 percent of all young men in the area being in this category of "bare branches". Shortage of women leaves surplus of disaffected men, NZ Herald
The conflict
In
1855, Zhang Luoxing took direct action by launching attacks against government troops in central China. By the summer, the fast-moving Nien
cavalry, well-trained and fully equipped with modern firearms, had cut the lines of communication between
Beijing and the Qing armies fighting the Taiping rebels in the south. Qing forces were badly overstretched as rebellions broke out across China, allowing the Nien armies to conquer large tracts of land and gain control over economically vital areas. The Nien fortified their captured cities and used them as bases to launch cavalry attacks against Qing troops in the countryside, prompting local towns to fortify themselves against Nien raiding parties. This resulted in constant fighting which devastated the previously rich provinces of
Jiangsu and
Hunan.
In early 1856, the Qing government sent the Mongolia General Senggelinqin, who had recently crushed a large Taiping army, to defeat the Nien. Senggelinquin's army captured several fortified cities and destroyed most of the Nien infantry, and killed Zhang Luoxing himself in an ambush. However, the Nien movement survived as Taiping commanders arrived to take control of the Nien forces, and the bulk of the Nien cavalry remained intact. Senggelinquin's infantry-based army could not stop the fast moving cavalry from devastating the countryside and launching surprise attacks on Imperial troops. In late 1856, Senggelinquin and his bodyguards were ambushed by Nien troops and killed, depriving the government of its best military commander. The Qing regime sent General
Zeng Guofan to take command of Imperial forces, providing him with modern artillery and weapons, purchased from the Europeans at exorbitant prices. Zeng's army set about building canals and trenches to hem in the Nien cavalry - an effective but slow and expensive method. General Zeng was relieved of command after Nien infantry broke through one of his defence fronts, and he was replaced by Generals
Li Hongzhang and Zuo Zongtang, equipped with more crushingly expensive European
artillery and firearms. In late 1866, the remaining Nien forces split into two, with the Eastern Army stationed in central China whilst the Western Army advanced on
Peking. The Western Army was heavily defeated south-west of Peking by Qing troops, leaving large swathes of Nien territory exposed to a Qing counter-attack. By late
1867, Li Hongzhang's and Zuo Zongtang's troops had recaptured most Nien territory, and in early
1868, the remnants were crushed by the combined forces of the government's troops and the Ever Victorious Army.
Assessment
The Nien rebellion largely failed to topple the regime as it failed to make alliances with other rebels, especially the Taiping movement. Nien only symbolically supported Taiping by accepting Taiping King's "appointments", but refusing to follow his orders. Had the Nien and Taipings joined forces, the Qing government would have been faced with a formidable threat, in spite of its alliances with Western powers. Despite the Niens' failure to seize power, the events of the rebellion dealt a severe blow to the Qing regime. The ecological disasters of 1851 and 1855 devastated the richest provinces of China, depriving the Qing regime of tax income and trade duties. The endless fighting between Nien troops and Qing forces, who made widespread use of
scorched earth tactics, ruined the countryside and resulted in countless deaths. Although the Nien rebellion was smaller than that of the Taiping, it severely drained government finances, devastated the richest areas of China, and left China's economy in a very precarious state. In the long term, the Nien rebellion was to become one of the major factors in the collapse of Qing China.
References
- Ownby, David. "Approximations of Chinese Bandits: Perverse Rebels or Frustrated Bachelors?" Chinese Masculinities/Femininities. Ed. Jeffrey Wasserstrom and Susan Brownell. Berkeley, CA: U of California P.
- Perry, Elizabeth. Rebels and Revolutionaries in Northern China, 1845-1945 (Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1980).
- Têng, Ssu-yü. The Nien Army and Their Guerrilla Warfare, 1851-1868. Paris: Mouton, 1961.
External link
- http://it.stlawu.edu/~govt/361F02Hudson.html - paper discussing how discrepancy in sex ratios might have contributed to the Nien Rebellion
The
Nien Rebellion (; Western historians have traditionally used the Wade-Giles transcription "Nien", rather than Hanyu Pinyin "Nian") was an epic armed uprising that took place in northern China from
1851 to 1868. The rebellion failed to topple the
Qing dynasty, but caused immense economic devastation and loss of life that became one of the major long-term factors in the collapse of the Qing regime.
Origin
The Nien movement was formed in the late 1840s by Zhang Lexing, and by 1851 numbered approximately 40,000. Unlike the
Taiping Rebellion movement, though, the Nien initially had no clear goals or objectives aside from criticism of the Qing government. However, the Nien were provoked into taking direct action against the Imperial regime following a series of ecological disasters. In 1851, the massive
Huang He river burst its banks, flooding hundreds of thousands of square miles and causing immense loss of life. The Qing government slowly began clearing up after the disaster, but were unable to provide effective aid as government finances had been drained during a recent war with Great Britain and the ongoing slaughter of the
Taiping rebellion. The damage created by the disaster had still not been repaired when, in 1855, the river burst its banks again, drowning thousands and devastating the fertile province of Jiangsu. At the time, the Qing government was trying to negotiate a deal with the European powers, and as state finances had been so severely depleted, the regime was again unable to provide effective relief. This enraged the Nien movement, who blamed the Europeans for contributing to China's troubles, and increasingly viewed the Qing government as incompetent and cowardly in the face of the Western powers.
In
Bare Branches: The Security Implications of Asia's Surplus Male Population, Valerie Hudson and Andrea den Boer suggest that the rebellion was fueled, at least in part, by decades of female infanticide caused by the floods and economic misery, leading to a large population of frustrated young men without any women to marry, perhaps as many as 25 percent of all young men in the area being in this category of "bare branches". Shortage of women leaves surplus of disaffected men, NZ Herald
The conflict
In
1855, Zhang Luoxing took direct action by launching attacks against government troops in central China. By the summer, the fast-moving Nien cavalry, well-trained and fully equipped with modern firearms, had cut the lines of communication between Beijing and the Qing armies fighting the Taiping rebels in the south. Qing forces were badly overstretched as rebellions broke out across China, allowing the Nien armies to conquer large tracts of land and gain control over economically vital areas. The Nien fortified their captured cities and used them as bases to launch cavalry attacks against Qing troops in the countryside, prompting local towns to fortify themselves against Nien raiding parties. This resulted in constant fighting which devastated the previously rich provinces of Jiangsu and Hunan.
In early 1856, the Qing government sent the
Mongolia General
Senggelinqin, who had recently crushed a large Taiping army, to defeat the Nien. Senggelinquin's army captured several fortified cities and destroyed most of the Nien infantry, and killed Zhang Luoxing himself in an ambush. However, the Nien movement survived as Taiping commanders arrived to take control of the Nien forces, and the bulk of the Nien cavalry remained intact. Senggelinquin's infantry-based army could not stop the fast moving cavalry from devastating the countryside and launching surprise attacks on Imperial troops. In late 1856, Senggelinquin and his bodyguards were ambushed by Nien troops and killed, depriving the government of its best military commander. The Qing regime sent General Zeng Guofan to take command of Imperial forces, providing him with modern artillery and weapons, purchased from the Europeans at exorbitant prices. Zeng's army set about building canals and trenches to hem in the Nien cavalry - an effective but slow and expensive method. General Zeng was relieved of command after Nien infantry broke through one of his defence fronts, and he was replaced by Generals Li Hongzhang and Zuo Zongtang, equipped with more crushingly expensive European artillery and firearms. In late 1866, the remaining Nien forces split into two, with the Eastern Army stationed in central China whilst the Western Army advanced on Peking. The Western Army was heavily defeated south-west of Peking by Qing troops, leaving large swathes of Nien territory exposed to a Qing counter-attack. By late 1867, Li Hongzhang's and Zuo Zongtang's troops had recaptured most Nien territory, and in early
1868, the remnants were crushed by the combined forces of the government's troops and the Ever Victorious Army.
Assessment
The Nien rebellion largely failed to topple the regime as it failed to make alliances with other rebels, especially the Taiping movement. Nien only symbolically supported Taiping by accepting Taiping King's "appointments", but refusing to follow his orders. Had the Nien and Taipings joined forces, the Qing government would have been faced with a formidable threat, in spite of its alliances with Western powers. Despite the Niens' failure to seize power, the events of the rebellion dealt a severe blow to the Qing regime. The ecological disasters of 1851 and 1855 devastated the richest provinces of China, depriving the Qing regime of tax income and trade duties. The endless fighting between Nien troops and Qing forces, who made widespread use of scorched earth tactics, ruined the countryside and resulted in countless deaths. Although the Nien rebellion was smaller than that of the Taiping, it severely drained government finances, devastated the richest areas of China, and left China's economy in a very precarious state. In the long term, the Nien rebellion was to become one of the major factors in the collapse of Qing China.
References
- Ownby, David. "Approximations of Chinese Bandits: Perverse Rebels or Frustrated Bachelors?" Chinese Masculinities/Femininities. Ed. Jeffrey Wasserstrom and Susan Brownell. Berkeley, CA: U of California P.
- Perry, Elizabeth. Rebels and Revolutionaries in Northern China, 1845-1945 (Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1980).
- Têng, Ssu-yü. The Nien Army and Their Guerrilla Warfare, 1851-1868. Paris: Mouton, 1961.
External link
- http://it.stlawu.edu/~govt/361F02Hudson.html - paper discussing how discrepancy in sex ratios might have contributed to the Nien Rebellion
Nien Rebellion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Nien Rebellion (Chinese: 捻軍起義; pinyin: niǎn jūn qǐ yì; Wade-Giles: nien-chün ch'i-yi;
Nien Rebellion definition of Nien Rebellion in the Free Online ...
Encyclopedia article about Nien Rebellion. Information about Nien Rebellion in the Columbia Encyclopedia, Computer Desktop Encyclopedia, computing dictionary.
Nian Rebellion definition of Nian Rebellion in the Free Online ...
Nian Rebellion or Nien Rebellion (both: nē`ĕn), uprising that occurred against the Ch'ing dynasty of China. Bands [Chinese,= nien] of antigovernment rebels in the south part of the ...
China Nien Rebellion 1853-1868
In the early 1850s, the Chinese living in the Yellow River (Huang Ho) valley suffered famine because of repeated flooding of the river; many of them joined outlaw bands, called ...
Nien Rebellion -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia
Britannica online encyclopedia article on Nien Rebellion: (c. 1852–68), major revolt in the North China provinces of Shantung, Honan, Kiangsu, and Anhwei; it occurred when the Ch ...
361 F02 Reserves 5
THE NIEN REBELLIONThe Nien Rebellion of 1851-63, finally quelled in 1868, originated with an organized group of bandits from the poor area of Huai-pei in northern China.(FN18 ...
Nien Rebellion Wiki resources & Nien Rebellion information at ...
This page provides free access to Nien Rebellion information & Nien Rebellion multimedia resources including Videos, Audio, a database of before & after photos, Life Extension ...
Nian Rebellion: Information and Much More from Answers.com
Nian Rebellion ( c. 1852 – 68) Rebellion in northern China during the Qing dynasty . The Nian, a secret society, was probably a reincarnation of
Nien Rebellion — Infoplease.com
More on Nien Rebellion from Infoplease: Nian Rebellion - Nian Rebellion Nian Rebellion or Nien Rebellion, uprising that occurred against the Ch'ing ... Encyclopedia:
Nien Nunb - Wookieepedia, the Star Wars Wiki
Nien Nunb was a Sullustan smuggler.[2] He grew up in the caves of his homeworld ... Rebellion era; New Republic era; Affiliation Former smuggler; Alliance to Restore the Republic [1] ...
